Antibiotic, Antifungal, Antiviral Drugs

Vancomycin hydrochloride is administered by slow IV infusion for the treatment of systemic infections. Vancomycin hydrochloride is given orally as capsules or an oral solution for the treatment of enterocolitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus (including methicillin-resistant strains) or for antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis caused by Clostridium difficile; if necessary, the parenteral form of vancomycin HCL also may be administered orally for the treatment of these infections.

IV vancomycin hydrochloride is used in the treatment of potentially life-threatening infections caused by susceptible organisms which cannot be treated with other effective, less toxic anti-infective agents. Vancomycin is used principally for the treatment of severe infections caused by gram-positive bacteria in patients who cannot receive or who have failed to respond to penicillins and cephalosporins or for the treatment of gram-positive bacterial infections that are resistant to b-lactams and other anti-infectives. Prevention of the emergence of drug resistance, its dissemination among pathogens, and the spread of such pathogens has become an increasingly important public health problem. Medical, pharmacy, and other staff and individuals responsible for drug-use policy and formulary decisions should review and restrict the use of certain anti-infectives, including vancomycin, and ensure that their use is appropriate.

Daptomycin is used for the treatment of complicated skin and skin structure infections caused by susceptible gram-positive bacteria. The drug should not be used in the treatment of pneumonia. To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain daptomycin efficacy, the drug should only be used to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by susceptible bacteria.

IM bacitracin has been used in infants with pneumonia and empyema caused by staphylococci that are susceptible to the drug; however, use of bacitracin has, in most cases, been replaced by penicillinase-resistant penicillins or cephalosporins for infections caused by penicillinase-producing staphylococci and by vancomycin for resistant strains. Penicillin is the drug of choice in infections caused by susceptible strains of nonpenicillinase-producing staphylococci. If bacitracin is used, the patient should be closely observed, and adequate laboratory facilities should be available. Diarrhea and Colitis Bacitracin has been used orally in a limited number of patients for the treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and colitis (also known as antibiotic-associated diarrhea and colitis), including pseudomembranous colitis.

Spectinomycin is used in the treatment of uncomplicated cervical, urethral, or rectal gonorrhea caused by susceptible Neisseria gonorrhoeae and also is used in the treatment of disseminated gonococcal infections. Although not considered a drug of choice for the treatment of gonococcal infections, spectinomycin is considered a useful alternative for the treatment of gonococcal infections in patients who are hypersensitive to or cannot tolerate cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones.

Oxytetracycline is administered by IM injection. IM oxytetracycline should be reserved for situations in which oral therapy is not feasible; patients receiving the drug should be switched to an oral anti-infective as soon as possible.

Minocycline hydrochloride usually is administered orally. When oral therapy is not feasible, the drug may be given by IV infusion; however, oral therapy should replace IV therapy as soon as possible. If minocycline is given IV, the risk of thrombophlebitis should be considered.

Approximately 90-100% of an oral dose of doxycycline hyclate is absorbed from the GI tract in fasting adults. Following oral administration of capsules containing doxycycline hyclate in fasting adults with normal renal function, peak serum concentrations of doxycycline are attained within 1.5-4 hours and average 1.5-2.1 mcg/mL following a single 100-mg dose and 2.6-3 mcg/mL following a single 200-mg dose.

Doxycycline calcium, doxycycline hyclate, and doxycycline monohydrate are administered orally. When oral therapy is not feasible, doxycycline hyclate may be administered by slow IV infusion; however, oral therapy should replace IV therapy as soon as possible.

Tetracyclines, in appropriate dosage forms, are administered orally, IV, or by deep IM injection. IV or IM administration should be used only when the oral route is not feasible, and oral therapy should replace parenteral therapy as soon as possible. IM administration of tetracyclines is rarely indicated because this route of administration is painful and, in the usual dosage, produces lower serum concentrations than does oral administration. If the drugs are given IV, the risk of thrombophlebitis should be considered.