The increase in antibiotic-resistant organisms has compromised the empiric use of certain antibiotics in the management of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Studies have shown that resistance in the community of the main causative pathogens in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis — H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis, and S. pneumoniae — has increased significantly over time. Patients with severe lung disease are more likely to harbor pathogens (e.g., P. aeruginosa) that are resistant to first-line antibiotics and therefore may be more likely to fail such therapy.
Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Bronchitis: Etiology
Acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis is a disease that occurs in patients who suffer from chronic underlying airway disease, typically related to tobacco smoking. It does not commonly occur among healthy children or adults.
Chronic Underlying Airway Disease Acute exacerbations of COPD
Chronic Underlying Airway Disease Acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is an umbrella term that includes the entities of chronic bronchitis and emphysema when they are associated with airflow limitation. Ordinarily, asthma, cystic fibrosis, bronchiectasis, and bronchiolitis obliterans (other bronchitic syndromes) are excluded from this definition.
Pathogens Associated with acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis.
Among episodes of infectious etiology, aerobic gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria (50-75%), atypical pathogens (1-10%), and respiratory viruses (30%) are the primary pathogens associated with acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. The relative contribution of these pathogens differs depending on the severity of the underlying airway disease. Approximately 30% of all acute exacerbations are precipitated by respiratory viruses.
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Zyomet Gel contains metronidazole. Metronidazole belongs to a group of medicines called antiprotozoal and antibacterial agents and has been shown to help control infection and inflammation in certain skin problems, such as rosacea. Rosacea is a skin condition which causes redness and spots on the face. Keep Zyomet Gel away from your eyes.
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Zovirax I.V. (called ‘Zovirax’ in this leaflet) contains a medicine called aciclovir. This belongs to a group of medicines called antivirals. It works by killing or stopping the growth of viruses.
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Zithromax is one of a group of antibiotics called macrolides. It is used to treat infections caused by certain bacteria and other micro-organisms, which include:
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Xigris is very similar to a protein that occurs naturally in your blood. This protein helps to control blood clotting and inflammation. When your body has a severe infection, clots can form in your blood.
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Wellvone is used to treat a lung infection called Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) in people who cannot take the medicine co-trimoxazole. This disease is caused by an organism called Pneumocystis jiroveci (which used to be called Pneumocystis carinii).